“A” means “Aperture” and stands for Aperture Priority.
In this mode, the photographer selects, using the appropriate knob, the lens aperture stop with which to work, and the camera selects the other parameters like the shutter speed and/or ISO sensitivity required to get the right exposure.
The main reason to prioritize the lens aperture is for controling the depth of field, i.e. the portion of the image that is in focus vs the part that is blurred.
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© Charles Martel 2015